China’s Engagement and Africa Beyond Aid
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Published:
Aug 30, 2021
Keywords:
Africa, China, Foreign Aid, Development, Developing Countries
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Abstract
In the current interdependent globalized world, inter-polity engagements are anticipated to unleash and empower economic development. To a larger extent, this, however, could be said not to be the case as evidenced in the African context where relations with the developed world have triggered dependence on foreign aid as a conduit to pursue and gratify vital development needs. Contemporaneously, China’s intensive forays and engagement in Africa since the turn of the twenty-first century has been one characterized by irresistible development assistance to the latter. This situation has ensuingly excited agitations, cardinal among which borders on the claim about the potential deadweight and stymying effect of foreign aid on Africa’s growth and development – thereby adding more odium to the discourse on the call for an ‘Africa beyond aid’ – currently a bourgeoning research sphere. To this end, the objective of this article is to explore how the Chinese aid engagement could relate to the Ghanaian leadership’s clarion call for Africa’s development beyond aid. Consequently, the study employed qualitative data and analysis to interrogate the Chinese aid policies towards Africa, as well as projects implemented across the continent. The findings show that gauging from the policy perspective, much as Chinese aid tends to be well suited to the ‘Africa beyond aid agenda’, it nonetheless exhibits some disquieting implementation features that could impede in the long term, Africa’s development beyond aid. This unappealing situation makes it imperatively urgent for Africa to understand, and strategically align with China’s aid - with recourse to the vision of Africa beyond aid.
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Evans Tetteh. (2021). China’s Engagement and Africa Beyond Aid. PanAfrican Journal of Governance and Development (PJGD), 2(2), 3-30. https://doi.org/10.46404/panjogov.v2i2.3239
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References
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King, K. (2013). China’s aid and soft power in Africa: The case of education & training. Rochester: Boydell and Brewer.
Kitano, N. (2019). Estimating China’s foreign aid: 2017-2018 preliminary figures. Tokyo: JICA Research Institute. Retrieved January 20, 2020 from https://www.jica.go.jp/jica-ri/publication/other/l75nbg000018z3zd-att/20190926_01.pdf
Kumi, E. (2020). From donor darling to beyond aid? Public perceptions of ‘Ghana Beyond Aid’. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 58(1), 67-90. doi:10.1017/S0022278X19000570
Lakatos, C., Maliszewka, M., Osorio-Rodarte, I. & Go D. (2016). China’s slowdown and rebalancing: potential growth and poverty impact on Sub-Saharan Africa. Policy Research working paper; no. WPS 7666. Washington DC: World Bank.
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Loxley, J & Sackey, A.H. (2008). Aid effectiveness in Africa. African Development Review, 20(2), 163-199.
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Moyo, D. (2009). Why aid is not working and how there is a better way for Africa. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Odoom, I. (2015). Dam In, Cocoa Out; Pipes In, Oil Out: China’s Engagement in Ghana’s Energy Sector. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 52(5), 598-620. doi:10.1177/0021909615599419
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OECD. (Website). Official development assistance – definition and coverage. Retrieved December 15, 2021 from https://www.oecd.org/development/financing-sustainable-development/development-finance-standards/officialdevelopmentassistancedefinitionandcoverage.htm
Pilling, D. (2018, October 8). The grand vision to stand-alone. Financial Times. .
Sarojec. (Website). About SAJOREC. Retrieved July 21, 2021 from http://www.sinafrica.cas.cn/English/About/Introduction/
Shinn, D. H. & Eisenman, J. (2012). China and Africa: A century of engagement. University of Pennsylvania Press.
South China Morning Post (2020, November 21). Coronavirus: China suspends US$2.1 billion in debt service for poor nations. Retrieved May 25, 2021 from https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3110822/coronavirus-china-suspends-us21-billion-debt-service-poor
South China Morning Post. (2018, September 5). China shakes up old order of Western donors with surge in aid to Africa. Retrieved September 17, 2021 from https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/2162778/china-shakes-old-order-western-donors-surge-aid-africa
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Sun, Y. (2014). Africa in China’s Foreign Policy. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution
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Williams, V. (2020). Foreign Aid. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved January 05, 2021 from https://www.britannica.com/topic/foreign-aid
Xinhua. (2018, December 04). China contributes to Kenya's human capacity building: official. Retrieved July 1, 2021 from http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-12/04/c_137650589.htm
Xinhua. (2020, August 18). Spotlight: China's medical teams help cement China-Africa friendship amid COVID-19. Retrieved June 27, 2021 from http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-08/18/c_139299532.htm
AidData. (Website). China's global development footprint. Retrieved December 23, 2020 from https://www.aiddata.org/china-official-finance.
Akwei, I. (2017). Ghana president’s anti-Western dependency speech gets young Africans thinking. Face to Face Africa. Retrieved October 14, 2020 from https://face2faceafrica.com/article/ghana-presidents-anti-western-dependency-speech-gets-young-africans-thinking
Alden C., Large D. & de Oliveira R.S. (2008). China Returns to Africa: A continent and a Rising Power Embrace. New York: Hurst Publishers.
Alden, C. & Large, D. (2019). New directions in Africa-China studies. New York: Routledge.
Alves, A.C. & Chichava, S. (2019). Neopatrimonialism and extraversion in China’s relations with Angola and Mozambique. In C. Alden & D. Large (Eds), New directions in China-Africa relations (pp. 243-259). New York: Routledge.
Apodaca, C. (2017). Foreign aid as foreign policy tool. Oxford Research Encyclopedias.
Asante, R. (2018). China and Africa. A model of South–South relations? China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies, 4(2), 1–21.
Barthelemy, J.C. (2011). China’s Engagement and Aid Effectiveness in Africa. African Development Bank Working Paper Series, No. 129. Retrieved July 2, 2021 from https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Working%20129.pdf
Bräutigam, D. (2009). The dragon's gift: the real story of China in Africa. New York: Oxford University Press.
Brautigam, D. (2011). Aid ‘with Chinese characteristics’: Chinese foreign aid and development finance meet the OECD-DAC aid regime. Journal of International Development, 23(5), 752–64.
Brautigam, D. (2011). Aid ‘with Chinese characteristics’: Chinese foreign aid and development finance meet the OECD-DAC aid regime. Journal of International Development, 23(5), 752–64.
Brautigam, D. (2020). A critical look at Chinese ‘debt-trap diplomacy’: the rise of a meme. Area Development and Policy, (5)1,1-14.
Brazys, S. & Vadlamannati, K.C. (2018). Aid curse with Chinese characteristics? Chinese development flows and economic reforms. AidData Working Paper #52. Williamsburg, VA: AidData at William & Mary.
Brown, W. & Harman, S. (2013). African Agency in international politics. London: Routledge.
Burnside, C. & Dollar, D. (1998). Aid the interactive regime and poverty reduction. Policy Research Working Paper Series 1937. The World Bank.
Cabestan, J.-P. (2020). China’s response to the 2014–2016 Ebola crisis: Enhancing Africa’s soft security under Sino-US competition. China Information, 35(1), 3-24. doi:10.1177/0920203X20978545
Carter, B. (2017). Literature review on China’s aid. K4D Helpdesk Report. UK: Institute of Development Studies.
Chen, S., Pender, M., Jin, N., Merson, M., Tang, S., & Gloyd, S. (2019). Chinese medical teams in Africa: a flagship program facing formidable challenges. Journal of global health, 9(1), 010311. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.09.010311
China Daily. (2015, March 21). Timeline of China's anti-Ebola aid in Africa. Retrieved July 1, 2021 from https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2015-03/21/content_19873984.htm
China Embassy, Ghana. (2017). Remarks by Chinese Ambassador to Ghana H.E. Mdm. Sun Baohong at the Handing-over Ceremony of the ICT Classroom at Lady Julia ICT Knowledge Community Center. Retrieved July 2, 2021 from http://gh.china-embassy.org/eng/sgxw/t1440066.htm
Dreher, A., Andreas F., Bradley P., Austin M.S. & Michael J.T. (2017). Aid, China, and growth: Evidence from a new global development finance dataset. AidData Working Paper #46. Williamsburg, VA: AidData at William & Mary.
Dreher, A., Fuchs, A., Parks, B.C., Strange, A. M., & Tierney, M. J. (2017). Aid, China, and Growth: Evidence from a New Global Development Finance Dataset. AidData Working Paper #46. Williamsburg, VA: AidData.
Duggan, N. (2020). Competition and Compromise among Chinese Actors in Africa, A Bureaucratic Politics Study of Chinese Foreign Policy Actors. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.
Edwards, S. (2014). Economic development and the effectiveness of foreign aid: A historical perspective. Retrieved March 25, 2021 from https://voxeu.org/article/development-and-foreign-aid-historical-perspective
Eom, H., Atkins, L., Chen, Y. & Zhou, S. (2017). The United States and China in Africa: What does the data say? SAIS China-Africa Research Institute.
Financial Times. (2020, June 24). China surpasses western government African university scholarships. A news desk report by Andrew Jack. Retrieved July 5, 2021 from https://www.ft.com/content/4b2e6c1c-83cf-448a-9112-477be01d2eee
Gatune, J. (2010). Africa’s development beyond aid: getting out of the box. The annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 632 (1), 103-120.
Government of Ghana. (2018a). Address By The President Of The Republic, Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo, On The Occasion Of Ghana’s 61st Independence Day Celebration. Retrieved December 28, 2020 from https://www.presidency.gov.gh/index.php/briefing-room/speeches/568-address-by-the-president-of-the-republic-nana-addo-dankwa-akufo-addo-on-the-occasion-of-ghana-s-61st-independence-day-celebration-at-the-independence-square
Government of Ghana. (2018b). President Akufo-Addo's Speech At 73rd UN General Assembly. Retrieved January 1, 2021 from https://www.presidency.gov.gh/index.php/briefing-room/speeches/378-address-delivered-by-the-president-akufo-addo-at-the-72nd-session-of-the-united-nations-general-assembly
Government of Ghana. (2019a). Official visit of President Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo to France. Ghana Embassy France. Retrieved January 7, 2021 from https://paris.embassy.gov.gh/official-visit-of-president-nana-addo-dankwa-akufo-addo-to-france/
Government of Ghana. (2019b). Ghana beyond aid charter and strategy document. Office of the President of the Republic of Ghana.
Hanauer, L. & Lyle J. M. (2014). Chinese Engagement in Africa: Drivers, Reactions, and Implications for U.S. Policy. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
Huang, Z. & Chen, X. (2016). Is China building Africa? The European Financial Review, June/July, 41–47.
Jiang, W. (2009). Fueling the dragon: China's rise and its energy and resources extraction in Africa. The China Quarterly, (199), 585-609.
JoyOnline. (2021, April 12). Ghana’s debt to hit 81.5%, 86.6% of GDP in 2021, 2025 – IMF. Report by Charles Nixon Yeboah. Retrieved April 30, 2021 from https://www.myjoyonline.com/ghanas-debt-to-hit-81-5-86-6-of-gdp-in-2021-2025-imf/
King, K. (2013). China’s aid and soft power in Africa: The case of education & training. Rochester: Boydell and Brewer.
Kitano, N. (2019). Estimating China’s foreign aid: 2017-2018 preliminary figures. Tokyo: JICA Research Institute. Retrieved January 20, 2020 from https://www.jica.go.jp/jica-ri/publication/other/l75nbg000018z3zd-att/20190926_01.pdf
Kumi, E. (2020). From donor darling to beyond aid? Public perceptions of ‘Ghana Beyond Aid’. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 58(1), 67-90. doi:10.1017/S0022278X19000570
Lakatos, C., Maliszewka, M., Osorio-Rodarte, I. & Go D. (2016). China’s slowdown and rebalancing: potential growth and poverty impact on Sub-Saharan Africa. Policy Research working paper; no. WPS 7666. Washington DC: World Bank.
Landry, D.G. (2018). Comparing the determinants of Western and Chinese development finance flows to Africa. Working Paper No. 2018/21. SAIS China-Africa Research Institute
Li, A. (2007). Transformation of China’s policy towards Africa. Center on China’s Transnational Relations. Working Paper No. 20. Paper Presented at International Conference ‘China-African Links’, 11/10-11/11, 2006: Hong Kong University of Science and Technology.
Loxley, J & Sackey, A.H. (2008). Aid effectiveness in Africa. African Development Review, 20(2), 163-199.
Mawdsley, E. (2012). From recipients to donors: Emerging powers and the changing Development Landscape. Zed Books, London
MFA. (2006). China's African Policy. Retrieved April 30, 2021 from https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/zflt/eng/zgdfzzc/t481748.htm
MFA. (2018). Forum on China-Africa Cooperation Beijing Action Plan (2019-2021). Retrieved July 12, 2021 from http://www.focac.org/eng/zywx_1/zywj/t1594297.htm
MFA. (2020). Build on Twenty Years of Proud Achievements and Open Up a New Chapter in China-Africa Relations. Retrieved July 2, 2021 from https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/wjbz_663308/2461_663310/t1831815.shtml
Morgenthau, H.J. (1962). A political theory of foreign aid. American Political Science Review, 56, 301-09.
Moyo, D. (2009). Why aid is not working and how there is a better way for Africa. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Odoom, I. (2015). Dam In, Cocoa Out; Pipes In, Oil Out: China’s Engagement in Ghana’s Energy Sector. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 52(5), 598-620. doi:10.1177/0021909615599419
OECD (2019). Development Aid at Glance Statistics by Region: Africa. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/dac/financing-sustainable-development/development-finance-data/Africa-Development-Aid-at-a-Glance-2019.pdf
OECD. (2015). Development co-operation by countries beyond the DAC. The OECD Development Co-operation Directorate. Retrieved March 5, 2021 from https://www.oecd.org/dac/dac-global-relations/Development%20Co-operation%20by%20Countries%20beyond%20the%20DAC.pdf
OECD. (2018). Official developmental assistance – definition and coverage. Retrieved December 19, 2019 from https://www.oecd.org/development/financing-sustainable-development/development-finance-standards/officialdevelopmentassistancedefinitionandcoverage.htm#ODA2017
OECD. (2019). Development Aid at Glance Statistics by Region: Africa. Retrieved July 5, 2021 from https://www.oecd.org/dac/financing-sustainable-development/development-finance-data/Africa-Development-Aid-at-a-Glance-2019.pdf
OECD. (Website). Official development assistance – definition and coverage. Retrieved December 15, 2021 from https://www.oecd.org/development/financing-sustainable-development/development-finance-standards/officialdevelopmentassistancedefinitionandcoverage.htm
Pilling, D. (2018, October 8). The grand vision to stand-alone. Financial Times. .
Sarojec. (Website). About SAJOREC. Retrieved July 21, 2021 from http://www.sinafrica.cas.cn/English/About/Introduction/
Shinn, D. H. & Eisenman, J. (2012). China and Africa: A century of engagement. University of Pennsylvania Press.
South China Morning Post (2020, November 21). Coronavirus: China suspends US$2.1 billion in debt service for poor nations. Retrieved May 25, 2021 from https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3110822/coronavirus-china-suspends-us21-billion-debt-service-poor
South China Morning Post. (2018, September 5). China shakes up old order of Western donors with surge in aid to Africa. Retrieved September 17, 2021 from https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/2162778/china-shakes-old-order-western-donors-surge-aid-africa
State Council. (2011). White Paper on China’s Foreign Aid. Beijing, China: Xinhua/Information Office of the State Council.
Sun, Y. (2014). Africa in China’s Foreign Policy. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission. (2020). 2020 Report to Congress. Washington DC: US Government Publishing Office. Retrieved June 30, 2021 from https://www.uscc.gov
UNDP. (2017). Trilateral Cooperation with China: Sharing China’s Development Experience through Innovative Partnerships. UNDP Discussion Paper. Retrieved from https://www.cn.undp.org/content/china/en/home/library/south-south-cooperation/trilateral-cooperation-with-china-.html
Wekesa, B. (2021). A Call for an African policy framework towards Africa. In: P. Mthembu, P. & F. Mabera, (Eds), African-China cooperation: Towards an African policy on China? International Political Economy Series. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
Williams, V. (2020). Foreign Aid. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved January 05, 2021 from https://www.britannica.com/topic/foreign-aid
Xinhua. (2018, December 04). China contributes to Kenya's human capacity building: official. Retrieved July 1, 2021 from http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-12/04/c_137650589.htm
Xinhua. (2020, August 18). Spotlight: China's medical teams help cement China-Africa friendship amid COVID-19. Retrieved June 27, 2021 from http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-08/18/c_139299532.htm